Working with windows and tabs
Janelas e guias
Pegue o idenficador da janela
O WebDriver não faz distinção entre janelas e guias. E se seu site abre uma nova guia ou janela, o Selenium permitirá que você trabalhe usando um identificador. Cada janela tem um identificador único que permanece persistente em uma única sessão. Você pode pegar o identificador atual usando:
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
assertNotNull(currHandle);driver.current_window_handle // Navigate to Url
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);driver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandleAlternando janelas ou guias
Clicar em um link que abre em uma nova janela focará a nova janela ou guia na tela, mas o WebDriver não saberá qual janela que o sistema operacional considera ativa. Para trabalhar com a nova janela você precisará mudar para ela. Se você tiver apenas duas guias ou janelas abertas, e você sabe com qual janela você iniciou, pelo processo de eliminação você pode percorrer as janelas ou guias que o WebDriver pode ver e alternar para aquela que não é o original.
No entanto, o Selenium 4 fornece uma nova API NewWindow que cria uma nova guia (ou) nova janela e muda automaticamente para ela.
//click on link to open a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title=driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Simple Page",title);from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# Start the driver
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# Setup wait for later
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# Check we don't have other windows open already
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# Loop through until we find a new window handle
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//click on link to open a new window
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title); #Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.window_handle
#Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1, 'Expected one window')
#Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(link: 'new window').click
#Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until { driver.window_handles.length == 2 }
#Loop through until we find a new window handle
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until { driver.title == 'Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
//Click the link which opens in a new window
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
await driver.wait(
async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {
if (handle !== originalWindow) {
await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
Fechando uma janela ou guia
Quando você fechar uma janela ou guia e que não é a última janela ou guia aberta em seu navegador, você deve fechá-la e alternar de volta para a janela que você estava usando anteriormente. Supondo que você seguiu a amostra de código na seção anterior, você terá o identificador da janela anterior armazenado em uma variável. Junte isso e você obterá:
//closing current window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close()
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
//closing current window
driver.Close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//Close the tab or window
await driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//Close the tab or window
driver.close()
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)
Esquecer de voltar para outro gerenciador de janela após fechar uma janela deixará o WebDriver em execução na página agora fechada e acionara uma No Such Window Exception. Você deve trocar de volta para um identificador de janela válido para continuar a execução.
Criar nova janela (ou) nova guia e alternar
Cria uma nova janela (ou) guia e focará a nova janela ou guia na tela. Você não precisa mudar para trabalhar com a nova janela (ou) guia. Se você tiver mais de duas janelas (ou) guias abertas diferentes da nova janela, você pode percorrer as janelas ou guias que o WebDriver pode ver e mudar para aquela que não é a original.
Nota: este recurso funciona com Selenium 4 e versões posteriores.
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle()); # Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window(:window)Opens a new tab and switches to new tabOpens a new window and switches to new window:
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab'); await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
Sair do navegador no final de uma sessão
Quando você terminar a sessão do navegador, você deve chamar a função quit(), em vez de fechar:
//quitting driver
driver.quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quit() //quitting driver
driver.Quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()- quit() irá:
- Fechar todas as janelas e guias associadas a essa sessão do WebDriver
- Fechar o processo do navegador
- Fechar o processo do driver em segundo plano
- Notificar o Selenium Grid de que o navegador não está mais em uso para que possa ser usado por outra sessão (se você estiver usando Selenium Grid)
A falha em encerrar deixará processos e portas extras em segundo plano rodando em sua máquina, o que pode causar problemas mais tarde.
Algumas estruturas de teste oferecem métodos e anotações em que você pode ligar para derrubar no final de um teste.
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
# unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{
driver.Quit();
}
# UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end
/**
* Example using Mocha
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {
await driver.quit();
});
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}
Se não estiver executando o WebDriver em um contexto de teste, você pode considerar o uso do
try/finally que é oferecido pela maioria das linguagens para que uma exceção
ainda limpe a sessão do WebDriver.
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
try:
#WebDriver code here...
finally:
driver.quit()
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
begin
#WebDriver code here...
ensure
driver.quit
end
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
O WebDriver do Python agora suporta o gerenciador de contexto python,
que ao usar a palavra-chave with pode encerrar automaticamente o
driver no fim da execução.
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver code here...
# WebDriver will automatically quit after indentation
Gerenciamento de janelas
A resolução da tela pode impactar como seu aplicativo da web é renderizado, então WebDriver fornece mecanismos para mover e redimensionar a janela do navegador.
Coletar o tamanho da janela
Obtém o tamanho da janela do navegador em pixels.
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height
Access each dimension individually(or) store the dimensions and query them later
const { width, height } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const windowWidth = rect.width;
const windowHeight = rect.height;//Access each dimension individually
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height
Definir o tamanho da janela
Restaura a janela e define o tamanho da janela.
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({ width: 1024, height: 768 });driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)Coletar posição da janela
Busca as coordenadas da coordenada superior esquerda da janela do navegador.
// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();
# Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;
#Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
Access each dimension individually(or) store the dimensions and query them later
const { x, y } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;// Access each dimension individually
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y
Definir posição da janela
Move a janela para a posição escolhida.
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));
# Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);
driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
await driver.manage().window().setRect({ x: 0, y: 0 });
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)
Maximizar janela
Aumenta a janela. Para a maioria dos sistemas operacionais, a janela irá preencher a tela, sem bloquear os próprios menus do sistema operacional e barras de ferramentas.
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()Minimizar janela
Minimiza a janela do contexto de navegação atual. O comportamento exato deste comando é específico para gerenciadores de janela individuais.
Minimizar Janela normalmente oculta a janela na bandeja do sistema.
Nota: este recurso funciona com Selenium 4 e versões posteriores.
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()Janela em tamanho cheio
Preenche a tela inteira, semelhante a pressionar F11 na maioria dos navegadores.
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()TakeScreenshot
Usado para capturar a tela do contexto de navegação atual. O endpoint WebDriver screenshot retorna a captura de tela codificada no formato Base64.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit() using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end
// Captures the screenshot
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
TakeElementScreenshot
Usado para capturar a imagem de um elemento para o contexto de navegação atual. O endpoint WebDriver screenshot retorna a captura de tela codificada no formato Base64.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await header.takeScreenshot(true);
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
Executar Script
Executa o snippet de código JavaScript no contexto atual de um frame ou janela selecionada.
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)
//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
Imprimir Página
Imprime a página atual dentro do navegador
Nota: isto requer que navegadores Chromium estejam no modo sem cabeçalho
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)
// code sample not available please raise a PR
driver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.content
