组织和执行Selenium代码

使用IDE和Test Runner库组织Selenium的执行

如果你不仅仅只是想执行一小撮的一次性脚本，你需要能组织和安排好你的代码。这一页会启发你如何真正地使用 Selenium 代码做高效的事情。

常见用法

大部分人使用 Selenium 执行针对 Web 应用的自动化测试，但是 Selenium 其实可以支持任何场景的浏览器自动化。

重复性任务

有时候你需要往网站记录日志或者下载一些东西，或者提交一个表单，你可以在预设的时间创建一个 Selenium 脚本去执行一个服务。

网页爬虫

你是否期望从一个不提供 API 的网站收集数据？Selenium 可以满足你，但是请确保你了解该网站的服务条例，因为有些网站不允许你这样做，甚至有些网站会屏蔽 Selenium。

测试

使用 Selenium 做测试需要在 Selenium 执行操作后进行断言，所以一个好的断言类库是很有必要的。至于组织测试用例结构的一些额外特性则需要Test Runner来完成。

IDEs

不管你要用 Selenium 来做什么，没有一个好的集成开发环境，你的工作肯定不会高效。以下是一些常见的 IDE 选择：

Test Runner

即使不使用 Selenium 做测试，如果你有高级用例，使用一个 test runner 去更好地组织你的代码是很有意义的。学会使用 before/after hooks 和分组执行或者并行执行将会非常有用。

待选

有非常多不同的 test runner 可供选择。

这个教程中所有使用到 test runner 的代码示例都可以在我们的示例目录中找到（或者正在被迁移过去），而且这些示例在每一次发版都会被执行，以确保代码是正确的和最新的。下面是一份包含对应链接的 test runner 清单，其中第一项是被这个仓库和本页所有用例所使用的。

  • JUnit - A widely-used testing framework for Java-based Selenium tests.
  • TestNG - Offers extra features like parallel test execution and parameterized tests.
  • pytest - A preferred choice for many, thanks to its simplicity and powerful plugins.
  • unittest - Python’s standard library testing framework.
  • NUnit - A popular unit-testing framework for .NET.
  • MS Test - Microsoft’s own unit testing framework.
  • RSpec - The most widely used testing library for running Selenium tests in Ruby.
  • Minitest - A lightweight testing framework that comes with Ruby standard library.
  • Jest - Primarily known as a testing framework for React, it can also be used for Selenium tests.
  • Mocha - The most common JS library for running Selenium tests.

安装

在安装 Selenium 类库一节中详细说明了需要哪些东西。这里的代码只展示在我们的文档示例项目中用到的示例。

Maven

Gradle

To use it in a project, add it to the requirements.txt file:

in the project’s csproj file, specify the dependency as a PackageReference in ItemGroup:

Add to project’s gemfile

In your project’s package.json, add requirement to dependencies:

断言

		String title = driver.getTitle();
		assertEquals("Web form", title);
View full example on GitHub
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
View full example on GitHub
            var title = driver.Title;
            Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);
View full example on GitHub
    title = @driver.title
    expect(title).to eq('Web form')
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      let title = await driver.getTitle();
      assert.equal("Web form", title);
View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Setting Up and Tearing Down

Set Up

	@BeforeEach
	public void setup() {
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
	}
View full example on GitHub

Tear Down

	@AfterEach
	public void teardown() {
		driver.quit();
	}
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Set Up

    driver.quit()
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Tear Down

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Set Up

  before do
    @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
  end
View full example on GitHub

Tear Down

  config.after { @driver&.quit }
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### Set Up
    before(async function () {
      driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
    });
View full example on GitHub
### Tear Down
    after(async () => await driver.quit());
View full example on GitHub

Add Example

执行

Maven

mvn clean test

Gradle

gradle clean test

python first_script.py
View full example on GitHub

Add Example

bundle exec rspec
View full example on GitHub

Mocha

mocha runningTests.spec.js

npx

npx mocha runningTests.spec.js

Add Example

示例

在第一个脚本一节中，我们了解了 Selenium 脚本的每一个组件。这里是使用 test runner 重新组织那个脚本的一个示例：

package dev.selenium.getting_started;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

import java.time.Duration;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class UsingSeleniumTest {

	WebDriver driver;

	@BeforeEach
	public void setup() {
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
	}

	@Test
	public void eightComponents() {

		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
		driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");

		String title = driver.getTitle();
		assertEquals("Web form", title);

		WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
		WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));

		textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
		submitButton.click();

		WebElement message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"));
		String value = message.getText();
		assertEquals("Received!", value);

	}

	@AfterEach
	public void teardown() {
		driver.quit();
	}

}
View full example on GitHub
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_eight_components():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()

    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")

    title = driver.title
    assert title == "Web form"

    driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)

    text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
    submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")

    text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
    submit_button.click()

    message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
    value = message.text
    assert value == "Received!"

    driver.quit()
View full example on GitHub
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace SeleniumDocs.GettingStarted
{
    [TestClass]
    public class UsingSeleniumTest
    {

        [TestMethod]
        public void EightComponents()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");

            var title = driver.Title;
            Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);

            driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);

            var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
            var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));
            
            textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
            submitButton.Click();
            
            var message = driver.FindElement(By.Id("message"));
            var value = message.Text;
            Assert.AreEqual("Received!", value);
            
            driver.Quit();
        }
    }
}
View full example on GitHub
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium-webdriver'


RSpec.describe 'Using Selenium' do
  before do
    @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
  end

  it 'uses eight components' do
    @driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html')

    title = @driver.title
    expect(title).to eq('Web form')

    @driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500

    text_box = @driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
    submit_button = @driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button')

    text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
    submit_button.click

    message = @driver.find_element(id: 'message')
    value = message.text
    expect(value).to eq('Received!')
  end
end
View full example on GitHub
const {By, Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const assert = require("assert");

  describe('First script', function () {
    let driver;
    
    before(async function () {
      driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
    });
    
    it('First Selenium script with mocha', async function () {
      await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html');
      
      let title = await driver.getTitle();
      assert.equal("Web form", title);
      
      await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500});
      
      let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
      let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button'));
      
      await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
      await submitButton.click();
      
      let message = await driver.findElement(By.id('message'));
      let value = await message.getText();
      assert.equal("Received!", value);
    });
  
    after(async () => await driver.quit());
  });
View full example on GitHub

Add Example

下一步

使用你目前所学到的知识建立你自己的 Selenium 代码吧！

想要了解更多的功能特性，请继续阅读我们接下来的WebDriver 教程

最后修改 September 2, 2024: removed hanging badge code (#1912) (d501255fa6)