Selenium的核心库试图提供底层以及普适的功能. 每种语言的支持类都为常见交互提供特定的包装器, 可用于简化某些行为.
Support features
针对更高层面功能的额外支持类.
1 - 期望状态的等待
本文档描述了一系列类, 这些类用于明确指定在测试中需要等待的各种条件.
期望状态与 显示等待 一起使用. 与其定义要使用 lambda 执行的代码块, 不如使用 lambda 执行可以创建 Conditions 方法来表示等待的常见事物. 有些方法将定位器作为参数, 有些方法将元素作为参数.
这些方法可以包括以下条件:
- 元素存在
- 元素已过期
- 元素可见
- 文本可见
- 标题包含特定值
[Expected Conditions Documentation](https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/py/webdriver_support/selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.html)
.NET stopped supporting Expected Conditions in Selenium 4 to minimize maintenance hassle and redundancy.
Ruby makes frequent use of blocks, procs and lambdas and does not need Expected Conditions classes
2 - 命令监听器
允许您在每次发送特定 Selenium 命令时执行自定义操作
3 - 同颜色一起工作
在测试中, 您偶尔会需要验证某事物的颜色；问题是网络上的颜色定义不是个常量. 如果有一种简单的方法可以比较颜色的十六进制与RGB呈现, 或者颜色的RGBA与HSLA呈现, 岂不美哉?
不用担心有一个解决方案：Color 类!
首先, 您需要导入该类:
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
include Selenium::WebDriver::Support
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color您现在可以开始创建颜色对象. 每个颜色对象都需要使用您颜色的字符串定义来创建. 支持的颜色定义如下:
private final Color HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)");
private final Color HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)");
private final Color HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)");
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8")
private val RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)")
private val RGB_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)")
private val HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)")
private val HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)")
Color类还支持在以下网址中指定的所有基本颜色定义 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4.
private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val BLACK = Color.fromString("black")
private val CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate")
private val HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink")
如果元素上未设置颜色, 则有时浏览器会返回“透明”的颜色值. Color类也支持此功能:
private final Color TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent");
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent")
现在, 您可以安全地查询元素以获取其颜色/背景色, 任何响应都将被正确解析并转换为有效的Color对象:
Color loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"));
Color loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"));
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
val loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"))
val loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"))
然后, 您可以直接比较颜色对象:
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK);
assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK)
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK))
或者, 您可以将颜色转换为以下格式之一并执行静态验证:
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)");
assert login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)'
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)"))
颜色不再是问题.
4 - 线程守卫
此类仅在Java中可用
ThreadGuard检查是否仅从创建驱动程序的同一线程中调用了驱动程序.
线程问题 (尤其是在Parallel中运行测试时)
可能遇到神秘并且难以诊断错误.
使用此包装器可以防止此类错误,
并且在发生此类情况时会抛出异常.
以下的示例模拟一种线程冲突的情况:
public class DriverClash {
//thread main (id 1) created this driver
private WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver());
static {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<Set path to your Chromedriver>");
}
//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnable r1 = () -> {protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};
Thread thr1 = new Thread(r1);
void runThreads(){
thr1.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new DriverClash().runThreads();
}
}
结果如下所示:
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
正如示例所示:
protectedDriver将在主线程中创建- 我们使用Java的
Runnable启动一个新进程, 并使用一个新的Thread运行该进程 - 这两个
Thread都会发生冲突, 因为主线程的内存中没有protectedDriver ThreadGuard.protect会抛出异常
注意:
这不能代替并发运行时使用 ThreadLocal 管理驱动程序的需求.
5 - 使用选择列表元素
与其他元素相比，选择列表具有特殊的行为.
Select对象现在将为您提供一系列命令,
用于允许您与 <select> 元素进行交互.
如果您使用的是 Java 或 .NET， 请确保您在代码中已正确加载所需的包. 您可以通过GitHub查看下面示例的完整代码.
请注意，此类仅适用于 HTML 元素 select 和 option.
这个类将不适用于那些通过 div 或 li
并使用JavaScript遮罩层设计的下拉列表.
类型
选择方法的行为可能会有所不同，
具体取决于正在使用的 <select> 元素的类型.
单选
这是标准的下拉对象，其只能选定一个选项.
<select name="selectomatic">
<option selected="selected" id="non_multi_option" value="one">One</option>
<option value="two">Two</option>
<option value="four">Four</option>
<option value="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option>
</select>
复选
此选择列表允许同时选定和取消选择多个选项.
这仅适用于具有 multiple 属性的 <select>元素.
<select name="multi" id="multi" multiple="multiple">
<option selected="selected" value="eggs">Eggs</option>
<option value="ham">Ham</option>
<option selected="selected" value="sausages">Sausages</option>
<option value="onion gravy">Onion gravy</option>
</select>
构建类
首先定位一个 <select> 元素,
然后借助其初始化一个Select 对象.
请注意, 从 Selenium 4.5 开始,
您无法针对禁用的 <select> 元素构建 Select 对象.
WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"));
Select select = new Select(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'selectomatic')
select = Select(select_element) var selectElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("selectomatic"));
var select = new SelectElement(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(name: 'selectomatic')
select = Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(select_element) const selectElement = await driver.findElement(By.name('selectomatic'))
const select = new Select(selectElement)
val selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"))
val select = Select(selectElement)选项列表
共有两种列表可以被获取:
全部选项
获取 <select> 元素中所有选项列表:
List<WebElement> optionList = select.getOptions(); option_list = select.options IList<IWebElement> optionList = select.Options; option_list = select.options const optionList = await select.getOptions()
val optionList = select.getOptions()选中的选项
获取 <select> 元素中所选中的选项列表.
对于标准选择列表这将只是一个包含一个元素的列表,
对于复选列表则表示包含的零个或多个元素.
List<WebElement> selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions(); selected_option_list = select.all_selected_options IList<IWebElement> selectedOptionList = select.AllSelectedOptions; selected_option_list = select.selected_options const selectedOptionList = await select.getAllSelectedOptions()
val selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions()选项
Select类提供了三种选择选项的方法. 请注意, 对于复选类型的选择列, 对于要选择的每个元素可以重复使用这些方法.
文本
根据其可见文本选择选项
select.selectByVisibleText("Four"); select.select_by_visible_text('Four') select.SelectByText("Four"); select.select_by(:text, 'Four') await select.selectByVisibleText('Four')
select.selectByVisibleText("Four")值
根据其值属性选择选项
select.selectByValue("two"); select.select_by_value('two') select.SelectByValue("two"); select.select_by(:value, 'two') await select.selectByValue('two')
select.selectByValue("two")序号
根据其在列表中的位置选择选项
select.selectByIndex(3); select.select_by_index(3) select.SelectByIndex(3); select.select_by(:index, 3) await select.selectByIndex(3)
select.selectByIndex(3)禁用的选项
具有 disabled 属性的选项可能无法被选择.
<select name="single_disabled">
<option id="sinlge_disabled_1" value="enabled">Enabled</option>
<option id="sinlge_disabled_2" value="disabled" disabled="disabled">Disabled</option>
</select>
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
select.selectByValue("disabled");
}); with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
select.select_by_value('disabled') Assert.ThrowsException<InvalidOperationException>(() => select.SelectByValue("disabled")); expect {
select.select_by(:value, 'disabled')
}.to raise_exception(Selenium::WebDriver::Error::UnsupportedOperationError) await assert.rejects(async () => {
await select.selectByValue("disabled")
}, {
name: 'UnsupportedOperationError',
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException::class.java) {
select.selectByValue("disabled")
}取消选择选项
只有复选类型的选择列表才能取消选择选项. 您可以对要选择的每个元素重复使用这些方法.
select.deselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by_value('eggs') select.DeselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by(:value, 'eggs') await select.deselectByValue('eggs')
select.deselectByValue("eggs")
